Any Indian musical creation, whether it is Hindustani Music or Carnatic Music, is based on specific musical notes and sounds known as ragas. They act as the catalyst of the melody.
Ragas consist of seven swaras (notes). In Sanskrit, raga means to colour something. Carnatic raga is a beautiful combination of several components and categories. Let’s understand them step by step.
Four basic components of Carnatic raga are listed below:-
1. Nada
Nada is the dominant sound of the music. You don’t get to hear it in detail as various other sounds are present in the song. But nada is the rhythm of all the different sounds produced during a composition.
2. Swara
The seven notes of Indian music are known as Swara. Those are – Sa, Ri, Ga, Ma, Pa, Da, and Ni. Those are used to create Carnatic raga as well.
3. Scale
Carnatic raga can be sung from higher to lower notes, known as Avrodhan, or lower to higher notes, known as Arohana. These patterns are called scale.
4. Gamaka
Gamkas are activities of swaras during a performance of Carnatic music. It shakes and changes the tone of the song throughout the performance. It can be done vocally or via instruments.
The various ways in which the classification of Carnatic Ragas was done till date is as follows:-
1. Grama, Murchana & Jati
The Grama is the combination of all swaras in music. Thus its scale is heptatonic. It played a flexible role in Carnatic music to support the ongoing nada and swara of the song. Later Mruchanas and Mela did the same thing as Grama. Afterword’s Mruchanas were subdivided into many Jatis.
2. Narada’s Classification of Ragas
Nardamuni wrote Sangita Makaranda. In that, he divided ragas based on interesting features. There is feminine, masculine, and neutral gender raga, according to Narda. He categorized some ragas based on gamakas and time of the day a composition is typically sung.
3. Matanga
Matang muni was the author of Brihaddeshi. It is a comprehensive documentation of Indian classical music during the 6th to 8Th century BC. He introduced the distribution of ragas based on nadatma rupa.
4. Parsvadeva
Parasveda’s classification of ragas mentioned in Sangita Samaya Sara is Raganga, Upanga, Bhashanga, and Kriyanga. Each category is with its own Sampurna, Shadava, and Audava notes.
5. Sarangadeva
He was the great author of the Sangit Ratnakara. He believed in two main classifications of Carnatic raga –
- Marga ragas –Further divided into Raganga sampurnas, Raganga shadavas, and, Raganga audavas.
- Desi ragas –Further divided into Raganga raga, Upanga raga, Bhashanga raga, and Kriyanga raga.
6. Ramamatya
Ramamataya classified Carnatic ragas into the following –
- Uttama ragas - Superior and pure ragas.
- Madhyama Ragas - It means mediocre. You can use these ragas for some portion but not for the entire composition.
- Adhama ragas - Ragas that can’t be used at all.
7. Karnataka & Desya
This classification is based on the place of origin of the raga. Karnataka ragas originated from South India. Desya raga originated from North India. For example, Bhairvi and Nilambari are Karnataka ragas. Hindustani Behag and Hamir Kalyani are Desya ragas.
8. Ghana, Naya, & Desya ragas
These are the classifications based on the scale and structure of the ragas.
- Ghana raga – To be performed with Madhyamakala or Taana.
- Naya raga – To be Performed with aalapana or kalyani
- Desya raga – To be performed with Aalapana
9. Janaka Raga & Janya Raga
Janya ragas are the part of Janaka ragas. Jana ka ragas are the sampurna ragas as they have all seven notes in them. They are also known as Melakarta raga.
Janya ragas, being a part of Janaka ragas, might not have all seven notes. And there can be an uneven pattern in their musical notes.
Most Scientific classification of Carnatic Ragas
Experts believe that the categorization of ragas based on Janaka and Janya is scientifically accurate and relevant. Let us understand why it is considered such a strong base of classification.
- Janaka Ragas
Janaka means to parent. Janaka rags are called by many other names such as Melakarta raga, Sampurna raga, Root raga, or Parent raga. They are complete in themselves, as parents. They have all seven notes on the proper scale. There are 72 Melakarta/Janaka ragas in total.
- Janya Ragas
Janya ragas are also known as derivative or secondary ragas. Janya ragas share a child-parent relationship with Janka ragas. They resemble their parent's ragas, but they are not exactly like them. They are also not consistent in their sur and scale.
- Vakra Ragas
Janya ragas, which don’t have their swaras aligned, are known as vakra ragas.
- Varja Ragas
In Sanskrit, varjyam means omitting something. Varja ragas are the ones that did not include all seven ragas as their parent ragas.
The classification of Janaka ragas & Janya ragas is logical and more comfortable to understand for a student of music. Thus it is regarded as the best classification of Carnatic ragas to date.
Author Bio:
Reema Krishnan –
Reema Krishnan is a content creator at Acharyanet, a platform for Carnatic music learners where they can learn music from gurus through 400+ video lessons. Being a music enthusiast and a history buff herself, she is able to provide value for her readers and her content is well-received by musicians, music lovers, and music learners of all ages and at all stages. She loves to volunteer with music therapy groups and bakes up a storm in her free time.